LINUX

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. For the kernel itself, see Linux kernel. For other uses, see Linux (disambiguation).

Linux

Company / developer	Many
Programmed in	Various
OS family	Unix-like
Working state	Current
Source model	Free and open source software
Initial release	1991
Latest stable release	Kernel: 3.2.2  (12 January 2012; 15 days ago)[1] [±]
Latest unstable release	Kernel: 3.3-rc1  (19 January 2012; 8 days ago)[2] [±]
Marketing target	Personal computers, embedded devices, mobile devices, servers
Available language(s)	Multilingual
Available programming languages(s)	Many
Supported platforms	DEC Alpha, ARM, AVR32, Blackfin, ETRAX CRIS, FR-V, H8/300, Hexagon, Itanium, M32R, m68k, Microblaze, MIPS, MN103, OpenRISC, PA-RISC, PowerPC, s390, S+core, SuperH, SPARC, TILE64, Unicore32, x86, Xtensa
Kernel type	Monolithic
Userland	Various
Default user interface	Many
License	Many[3] ("Linux" trademark owned by Linus Torvalds[4] and administered by the Linux Mark Institute)

Linux (ⁱ/ˈlɪnəks/ lin-əks^[5][6] or /ˈlɪnʊks/ lin-uuks)^[7][8][9] is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of any Linux system is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds.^[10][11] Linux system distributions may vary in many details of system operation, configuration, and software package selections.
Linux runs on a wide variety of computer hardware, including mobile phones, tablet computers, network routers, televisions^[12][13], video game consoles, desktop computers, mainframes and supercomputers.^{[14][15][16][17]} Linux is a leading server operating system, and runs the 10 fastest supercomputers in the world.^[18] In addition, more than 90% of today's supercomputers run some variant of Linux.^[19]
The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration: the underlying source code may be used, modified, and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License. Typically Linux is packaged in a format known as a Linux distribution for desktop and server use. Some popular mainstream Linux distributions include Debian (and its derivatives such as Ubuntu), Fedora and openSUSE. Linux distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries and usually a large amount of application software to fulfill the distribution's intended use.
A distribution oriented toward desktop use may include the X Window System and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma. Other distributions may include a less resource intensive desktop such as LXDE or Xfce for use on older or less powerful computers. A distribution intended to run as a server may omit all graphical environments from the standard install and instead include other software such as the Apache HTTP Server and an SSH server such as OpenSSH. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone can create a distribution for any intended use. Applications commonly used with desktop Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web browser, the OpenOffice.org and LibreOffice office application suites, and the GIMP image editor.
Because the main supporting user space system tools and libraries orginated in the GNU Project, initiated in 1983 by Richard Stallman, the Free Software Foundation prefers the name GNU/Linux.^{[20][21]
 http://www.google.co.id/search?q=linux&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a}